My sources

Providing the footnotes provided difficult with the formatting in Word, so I have chosen to include a summary here. For direct citations, please refer to the PDF.


Fishman, Joshua A. Language loyalty in the United States; the maintenance and perpetuation of non-English mother tongues by American ethnic and religious groups (The Hague, Mouton, 1966. pg. 80) 86.

Honan, William. “The New Sound of Radio.” The New York Times. 3 May, 1967. pg. 323

Gutiérrez, Félix F. and Jorge Reina Schement. Spanish-language radio in the Southwestern United States (Austin : Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas at Austin, c1979)

Grame, Theodore C. Ethnic broadcasting in the United States. [Washington, D.C.?] : American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, 1980.

Rodríguez, Clemencia. Fissures in the mediascape: an international study of citizens' media (Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press. 2001).

Ortiz, Alex Degree. “Spanish-language radio use and ethnic self-identity: An analysis of educational and professional aspirations among Hispanic adolescents” (Ph.D. diss, University of South Florida, 2003)

Orozco, Graciela Leon “The education and empowerment of immigrant Latinos through talk radio” (Ed.D. diss., University of the Pacific, 2001)

Rios, Diana Isabel Arredondo. “Mexican American audiences: a qualitative and quantitative study of ethnic subgroup uses for mass media” (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1993).

Hayes, Joy Elizabeth. Radio Nation. (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 2000) 35.

Fox, Elizabeth. Latin American Broadcasting (Luton: University of Luton Press: 1997) 38.

Mendoza, Vicente. El Corrido Mexicano. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica. 1954. Introduction.

Sánchez, George. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press. 1993) 178, 183-184.

Interview with Ben Gutierrez. 4 Feb. 2005.

Interview with Jack Kazanjian, Tuesday, Oct. 12, 2004

“Radio Station Sale is Okehed.” The Fresno Bee. 16 July, 1950.

Cohen, Lizabeth. Making a New Deal. Cambridge University Press. U.S.A. 1990. pg. 133-142

“FCC Approves Sale of Fresnan’s Share in Local Radio Station.” The Fresno Bee. 22 Jun, 1951

Broadcasting Yearbook. 1949-1959. The Yearbook lists “special programming” on radio stations which includes any foreign language or ethnic programs like black talk, music or gospel programs, as well as country-western music programs or farm programming. Stations were also listed by their format starting in the 1970s when “Spanish” became a format beside such designations as “Top-40,” “Progressive,” “Light Rock” or “Jazz.”

“Mercado Estate Files for Right to Sell KGST.” The Fresno Bee. 9 Jun, 1961. and “Judge Okehs Sale of Radio Station KGST.” The Fresno Bee. 6 Jun, 1961.

* U.C. Berkeley has a collection of Chicano publications, which includes three newspapers out of Fresno, for which the university only has copies in the late 1960s and early 1970s. All are listed as incomplete. El Informador was still published at least as late as 1976. Stella Romo and Ben Gutierrez, who worked with El Informador’s editor Samuel Herrera said that he was given to exaggeration and may have inflated the circulation figure.

Broadcasting and Cable yearbook. Washington, D.C. Broadcasting Publications. Published annually 1952-today

Fishman, Joshua A. Language loyalty in the United States; the maintenance and perpetuation of non-English mother tongues by American ethnic and religious groups (The Hague, Mouton, 1966. pg. 80) 86.

County and city data book.Washington, D.C. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. For the years 1952, 1956, 1962, 1967.

Gonzales, Manuel. Mexicanos: A history of Mexicans in the United States. Indiana University Press. Bloomington, IN. 1999.

Calavita, Kitty. Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration and the I.N.S. Routledge. USA. 1992. pg. 218.

Interview with Stella Vasquez Romo, Oct. 14, 2004

“Channel 24 simulcasts 6 p.m. news show.” The Fresno Bee. 13 Apr, 1984.

El Informador. Vol. 7. No. 10. Sept. 28, 1974.

Coyle, Wanda. “Spanish-Language Radio: Listeners Really Tuned in.” 25 Jan, 1976.

Interview with Lupita Lomeli, Jan. 5, 2004

El Informador. Vol. 8, No.2, June 15, 1975, page 2.

Kilo. “Radio/Television Mexicana.” El Informador. Vol. 4, No. 10. Oct. 25, 1971.

Interview with José Luís Gonzalez, 4 Jan. 2005.

Interview with Hugo Morales, 21 Jan. 2004.

Herrera, Samuel. “Lo del Cesar a Cesar.” El Informador. Vol. 5, no. 20. 15 March 1973.

“Fresno radio station collects $40,000 for earthquake victims.” The Fresno Bee. 24 Sep, 1985

“KGST Scholarships.” The Fresno Bee. 12 May, 1971.

Daniels, Roger. Coming to America: Second edition. U.S.A: Visual Education Corporation. 2002.

Esparza Loera, Juan. “KGST: La màs vieja pero siempre con sus movidas.” Vida en el Valle. 1995/1996.

The times of our lives : trials and triumphs, turning the pages of our first 75 years. (Fresno, CA: Fresno bee, 1997)

“Hidden Market—Hispanics—emerges from shadows.” The Fresno Bee. 7 Feb, 1983.

Veciana-Suarez, Ana. Hispanic media, USA : a narrative guide to the print and electronic Hispanic news media in the United States (Washington, D.C. : Media Institute. 1987)

Matthew Rinaldo, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance. Minority-owned broadcast stations: hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on H.R. 5373 ... October 2, 1986. (Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1987) 11.

Interview with Dan Crotty, 20 Oct. 2004.

From the Fresno Bee’s regular “Valley Radio” listing, 2004

Krause, Audrie. “Funds cut in half for FM station.” Fresno Bee. 27 Sept. 1983.

Dickey, Christopher. “Conference faces problem of information for Hispanics.” The Washington Post. 9 Feb. 1979.

Associated Press. “Growers fear farmworker radio station’s newscast may become ‘propaganda tool.’” 19 June 1983.

“UFW Ready to broadcast on station in Woodlake.” Fresno Bee. April 9, 1983.

Bee Metro Staff. “Chavez, 2,000 union supporters rejoice at KUFW dedication.” The Fresno Bee. 30 May 1983.

Moore, Brenda. “Radio station plans programming aimed at farmworker population.” The Fresno Bee. 14 Oct. 1982.

“Locutores dicen que ‘lo nuestro’ no ‘es nuestro.’” Vida en el Valle. 5 June 1991. pg. 6

“Where Mexico (Not Salsa) is king.” New York Times. 6 Nov. 2001.

Broadcasting Yearbook. 1980.

Honan, William. “The New Sound of Radio.” The New York Times. 3 Dec. 1967. pg. 323

Clear Channel press release. Clearchannel.com. http://www.univision.net/corp/en/pr/Los_Angeles_12062002-3.html (accessed February 17, 2005)

“FCC APPROVES MERGER OF SPANISH-LANGUAGE MEDIA COMPANIES.” Online Newshour. September 22, 2003, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/media/media_watch/july-dec03/univisionmerger_09-22-03.html (accessed 2-21-05)

Boehlert, Eric. “How do you say Clear Channel in Spanish?” Salon. April 24, 2003, www.salon.com/tech/feature/2003/04/24/univision/. Accessed 2-12-05.

Rodríguez, Clemencia. Fissures in the mediascape: an international study of citizens' media (Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press. 2001) 94.

Esparza, Juan and Daniel Rodríguez. “Businesses starting to learn the language of money; Latino political clout is still growing.” Vida en el Valle, 15 Oct. 2003. posted on Central California Hispanic Chamber of Commerce website. http://www.cchcc.net/article019.html (accessed May 3, 2005).

“Xicana Timeline since the theft of Mexico's Northern Territory's by the US ending in the Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo.” This site is Marco Palma’s personal homepage. He says that the timeline was copied directly from the PBS website which is no longer up, and was included in teaching materials on Chicano history.
http://stuff.mazingerzeta.net/xicana_timeline.html (accessed May 3, 2005).

“Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California,” hosted by the National Park Service. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views/5views5h46.htm (accessed May 3, 2005)